Computer-aided design (CAD) multiple-capture DFT system for detecting or locating crossing clock-domain faults

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for providing ordered capture clocks to detect or locate faults within N clock domains and faults crossing any two clock domains in an integrated circuit or circuit assembly in self-test or scan-test mode, where N&gt;1 and each domain has a plurality of scan cells. The method and apparatus allows generating and loading N pseudorandom or predetermined stimuli to all the scan cells within the N clock domains in the integrated circuit or circuit assembly during the shift operation, applying an ordered sequence of capture clocks to all the scan cells within the N clock domains during the capture operation, compacting or comparing N output responses of all the scan cells for analysis during the compact/compare operation, and repeating the above process until a predetermined limiting criteria is reached. A computer-aided design (CAD) system is further developed to realize the method and synthesize the apparatus.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA

The present application is a divisional application of copendingapplication Ser. No. 11/098,703 filed Apr. 5, 2005 which in turn is adivisional application of Ser. No. 10/067,372 filed Feb. 7, 2002, whichclaims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/268,601 filed Feb.15, 2001 which is hereby incorporated by reference, and for whichpriority is claimed for all of the above.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention generally relates to the testing of logic. designsin an integrated circuit or circuit assembly embedded withdesign-for-test (DFT) techniques. Specifically, the present inventionrelates to the detection or location of logic faults within each clockdomain and logic faults crossing any two clock domains, during self-testor scan-test, in an integrated circuit or circuit assembly.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In this specification, the term integrated circuit is used to describe achip or MCM (multi-chip module) embedded with design-for-test (DFT)techniques. The terms circuit assembly and printed circuit board will beconsidered interchangeable. The term circuit assembly includes printedcircuit boards as well as other types of circuit assem-blies. A circuitassembly is a combination of integrated circuits. The resultingcombination is manufactured to form a physical or functional unit.

An integrated circuit or circuit assembly, in general, contains two ormore systems clocks, each controlling one module or logic block, calledclock domain. Each system clock is either directly coming from a primaryinput (edge pin/connector) or generated internally. These system clockscan operate at totally unrelated frequencies (clock speeds), atsub-multiples of each other, at the same frequency but with differentclock skews, or at a mix of the above. Due to clock skews among thesesystem clocks, when a DFT technique, such as self-test or scan-test, isemployed, it is very likely that faults associated with the functionbetween two clock domains, called crossing clock-domain faults, willbecome difficult to test. In the worst case, these crossing clock-domainfaults when propagating into the receiving clock domain could completelyblock detection or location of all faults within that clock domain.Thus, in order to solve the fault propagation problem, DFT approachesare proposed to take over control of all system clocks and reconfigurethem as capture clocks.

Prior-art DFT approaches in this area to testing crossing clock-domainfaults as well as faults within each clock domain centered on using theisolated DFT, ratio'ed DFT, and one-hot DFT techniques. They are allreferred to as single-capture DFT techniques, because none of them canprovide multiple skewed capture clocks (or an ordered sequence ofcapture clocks) in each capture cycle during self-test or scan-test.

In using the isolated DFT technique, all boundary signals crossing aclock domain and flowing into the receiving clock domains are completelyblocked or disabled by forcing each of them to a predetermined logicvalue of 0 or 1. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,684 issued to Nadeau-Dostie etal. (2001). This approach, in general, can allow all clock domains to betested in parallel. The major drawbacks of this approach are that itrequires insertion of capture-disabled logic in between clock domainsand all scan enable signals each associated with one clock domain mustbe operated at-speed. The design change could take significant effortsand it might impact normal mode operation. Running all scan enablesignals at-speed requires routing them as clock signals using layoutclock-tree synthesis (CTS). In addition, since boundary signals cantraverse through two clock domains in both directions, this approachrequires testing crossing clock-domain faults in two or more testsessions. This could substantially increase the test time required andmight make the capture-disabled logic even more complex to implementthan anticipated.

In using the ratio'ed DFT technique, all clock domains must be operatedat sub-multiples of one reference clock. For instance, assume that adesign contains 3 clock domains running at 150 MHz, 80 MHz, and 45 MHz,respectively. The 3 clock domains may have to be operated at 150 MHz, 75MHz, and 37.5 MHz during testing. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,587 issued toNadeau-Dostie et al. (1994). This approach reduces the complexity oftesting a multiple-frequency design and avoids potential races or timingviolations crossing clock domains. It can also allow testing of allclock domains in parallel. However, due to changes in clock-domainoperating frequencies, this approach loses its self-test or scan-testintent of testing multiple-frequency designs at their rated clock speeds(at-speed) and may require significant design and layout efforts onre-timing (or synchronizing) all clock domains. Power consumption couldbe also another serious problem because all scan cells (memory elements)are triggered simultaneously every few cycles.

In using the one-hot DFT technique, each crossing clock-domain signalflowing into its receiving clock domains must be initialized to or heldat a predetermined logic value of 0 or 1 first. This initialization isusually accomplished by shifting in predetermined logic values to allclock domains so that all crossing clock-domain signals are forced to aknown state. Testing is then conducted domain-by-domain, thus, calledone-hot testing. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,680,543 issued to Bhawmik et al.(1997). The major benefits of using this approach are that it can stilldetect or locate crossing clock-domain faults and does not needinsertion of disabled logic, in particular, in critical paths crossingclock domains. However, unlike the isolated or ratio'ed DFT approach,this approach requires testing of all clock domains in series, resultingin long test time. It also requires significant design and layoutefforts on re-timing (or synchronizing) all clock domains.

Two additional prior-art DFT approaches had also been proposed, one forscan-test, the other for self-test. Both approaches are referred to asmultiple-capture DFT tech-niques, because they can provide multipleskewed capture clocks (or an ordered sequence of capture clocks) in eachcapture cycle during scan-test or self-test.

The first prior-art multiple-capture DFT approach is to test faultswithin each clock domain and faults between two clock domains inscan-test mode. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,070,260 issued to Buch et al. (2000)and U.S. Pat. No. 6,195,776 issued to Ruiz et al. (2001). Theseapproaches rest on using multiple skewed scan clocks or multiple skewcapture events each operating at the same reduced clock speed in an ATE(automatic test equipment) to detect faults. Combinational ATPG(automatic test pattern generation) is used to generate scan-testpatterns and ATE test programs are created to detect faults in theintegrated circuit. Unfortunately, currently available ATPG tools onlyassume the application of one clock pulse (clock cycle) to each clockdomain. Thus, these approaches can only detect stuck-at faults inscan-test mode. No prior art using multiple skewed capture clocks wereproposed to test delay or stuck-at faults requiring two or more captureclock pulses for full-scan or partial-scan designs.

The second prior-art multiple-capture DFT approach is to test faultswithin each clock domain and faults between two clock domains inself-test mode. See the paper co-authored by Hetherington et al. (1999).This approach rests on using multiple shift-followed-by-capture clockseach operating at its operating frequency, in a programmable capturewindow, to detect faults at-speed. It requires clock suppression,complex scan enable (SE) timing waveforms, and shift clock pulses in thecapture window to control the capture operation. These shift clockpulses may also need precise timing alignment. As a result, it becomesquite difficult to perform at-speed self-test for designs containingclock domains operated at totally unrelated frequencies, e.g., 133 MHzand 60 MHz.

Thus, there is a need for an improved method, apparatus, orcomputer-aided design (CAD) system that allows at-speed or slow-speedtesting of faults within clock domains and between any two clock domainsusing a simple multiple-capture DFT technique. The method and apparatusof the present invention will control the multiple-capture operations ofthe capture clocks in self-test or scan-test mode. It does not requireusing shift clock pulses in the capture window, insertingcapture-disabled logic in normal mode, applying clock suppression oncapture clock pulses, and programming complex timing waveforms on scanenable (SE) signals. In addition, the CAD system of the presentinvention further comprises the computer-implemented steps of performingmultiple-capture self-test or scan synthesis, combinational faultsimulation, and combinational ATPG that are currently unavailable in theCAD field using multiple-capture DFT techniques.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, a primary objective of the present invention is to providean improved multiple-capture DFT system implementing themultiple-capture DFT technique. Such a DFT system will comprise a methodor apparatus for allowing at-speed/slow-speed detection or location offaults within all clock domains and faults crossing clock domains in anintegrated circuit or circuit assembly. In the present invention, themethod or apparatus can be realized and placed inside or external to theintegrated circuit or circuit assembly.

A computer-aided design (CAD) system that synthesizes such a DFT systemand generates desired HDL test benches and ATE test programs is alsoincluded in the present invention. A hardware description language (HDL)is used to represent the integrated circuit includes, but is not limitedto, Verilog or VHDL. An ATE is an IC tester or any equipment thatrealizes the multiple-capture DFT system and is external to theintegrated circuit or circuit assembly under test.

The present invention focuses on multiple-capture DFT systems forself-test and scan-test. In a self-test environment, a self-test cycleoften comprises 3 major operations: shift, capture, and compact. Theshift and compact operations can occur concurrently during eachself-test cycle. In order to increase the circuit's fault coverage, itis often necessary to include scan-test cycles to perform top-up ATPG. Ascan-test cycle often comprises 3 major operations in a scan-testenvironment: shift, capture, and compare. The shift and compareoperations can occur concurrently during each scan-test cycle. In amixed self-test and scan-test environment, the scan-test cycle mayexecute a compact operation rather than the compare operation. Thus, inthe present invention, a self-test cycle further comprises the shift,capture, and compare operations, and a scan-test cycle further comprisesthe shift, capture, and compact operations.

The multiple-capture DFT system of the present invention furthercomprises any method or apparatus for executing the shift and compact orshift and compare operations concurrently during each self-test orscan-test cycle. It is applicable to test any integrated circuit orcircuit assembly which contains N clock domains, where N>1. Each captureclock controls one clock domain and can operate at its rated clock speed(at-speed) or at a reduced clock speed (slow-speed), when desired.

During the shift operation, the multiple-capture DFT system firstgenerates and shifts in (loads) N pseudorandom or predetermined stimulito all scan cells within all clock domains, concurrently. The shiftingfrequency is irrelevant to at-speed testing. Depending on needs, aslower frequency can be used to reduce power consumption and a fasterfrequency can be used to reduce the test application time. Themultiple-capture DFT system must wait until all stimuli have been loadedor shifted into all scan cells. By that time, all scan enable (SE)signals each associated with one clock domain shall switch from theshift operation to the capture operation. After the capture operation iscompleted, all scan enable (SE) signals shall switch from the captureoperation to the shift operation. One global scan enable (GSE) signalcan be simply used to drive these scan enable signals.

The multiple-capture DFT system of the present invention furthercomprises any method or apparatus for performing the shift operation atany selected clock speed within each clock domain and using only oneglobal scan enable (GSE) signal to drive all scan enable (SE) signalsfor at-speed or slow-speed testing. The GSE signal can be also operatedat its selected reduced clock speed. Thus, there is no need to routethese SE signals as clock signals using layout clock tree synthesis(CTS). This invention applies to any self-test or scan-test method thatrequires multiple capture clock pulses (without including shift clockpulses) in the capture cycle.

After the shift operation is completed, an ordered sequence of captureclocks is applied to all clock domains. During the capture operation,each ordered sequence contains N capture clocks of which only one or afew will be active at one time. There are no shift clock pulses presentwithin each capture cycle. Testing of delay faults at-speed is nowperformed by applying two consecutive capture clock pulses (doublecaptures) rather than using the shift-followed-by-capture clock pulses.Performing multiple captures in the capture cycle reduces the risk ofdelay test invalidation and false paths that might occur due to illegalstates in scan cells resulting from filling them with pseudorandom orpredetermined stimuli.

In the present invention, the multiple-capture DFT system uses adaisy-chain clock-triggering or token-ring clock-enabling technique togenerate and order capture clocks one after the other. One major benefitof using this approach is that the test results are repeatable no matterwhat clock speed will be used for each capture clock. The problem is itcould be difficult to precisely control the relative clock delay betweentwo adjacent capture clocks for testing delay faults between clockdomains.

As an example, assume that the capture cycle contains 4 capture clocks,CK1, CK2, CK3, and CK4. (Please refer to FIGS. 3 and 10 in the DETAILEDDESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS section for further descriptions). Thedaisy-chain clock-triggering technique implies that completion of theshift cycle triggers the GSE signal to switch from shift to capturecycle which in turn triggers CK1, the rising edge of the last CK1 pulsetriggers CK2, the rising edge of the last CK2 pulse triggers CK3, andthe rising edge of the last CK3 pulse triggers CK4. Finally, the risingedge of the last CK4 pulse triggers the GSE signal to switch fromcapture to shift cycle.

The token-ring clock-enabling technique implies that completion of theshift cycle enables the GSE signal to switch from shift to capture cyclewhich in turn enables CK1, completion of CK1 pulses enables CK2,completion of CK2 pulses enables CK3, and completion of CK3 pulsesenables CK4. Finally, completion of CK4 pulses enables the GSE signal toswitch from capture to shift cycle.

The only difference between these two techniques is that the former usesclock edges to trigger the next operation, the latter uses signal levelsto enable the next operation. In practice, a mixed approach can beemployed. Since a daisy-chain or token-ring approach is used, themultiple-capture DFT system allows testing of any frequency domain at areduced clock speed when this particular frequency domain cannot operateat-speed. This is very common in testing high-speed integrated circuits,such as microprocessors and networking chips, where different clockspeeds of chips are sold at different prices. In addition, due to itsease of control, this approach further allows at-speed scan-test simplyusing internally reconfigured capture clocks. Thus, a low-cost tester(ATE) can be used for at-speed scan-test, in addition to at-speedself-test.

The multiple-capture DFT system in the present invention furthercomprises applying an ordered sequence of capture clocks and operatingeach capture clock at its selected clock speed in the capture operation(cycle). The ordered sequence of capture clocks is applied to thecircuit under test one-by-one using the daisy-chain clock-triggering ortoken-ring clock-enabling technique. The order of these capture clocksis further programmable, when it's required to increase the circuit'sfault coverage. Each capture clock can be also disabled or chosen tofacilitate fault diagnosis. In addition, when two clock domains do notinteract with each other, they can be tested simultaneously to shortenthe capture cycle time.

Each capture clock of the present invention further comprises one ormore clock pulses. The number of clock pulses is further programmable.When self-test is employed, the multiple-capture DFT system is usuallyplaced inside the integrated circuit and, thus, all capture clocks aregenerated internally. When scan-test is employed, the multiple-captureDFT system is usually resided in an ATE and, thus, all capture clocksare controlled externally. However, for at-speed scan-test, it's oftenrequired to capture output responses using its respective operatingfrequency within each clock domain. The present invention furthercomprises any method or apparatus for allowing use ofinternally-generated or externally-controlled capture clocks forat-speed scan-test or self-test.

After the capture operation is completed, all output responses capturedat all scan cells are compacted internally to signatures or shifted outto the multiple-capture DFT system for direct comparison. The compact orcompare operation occurs concurrently with the shift operation, and theprocess of shift, capture, and compact/compare operations shall continueuntil a predetermined limiting criteria, such as completion of allself-test or scan-test cycles, is reached. Finally, the multiple-captureDFT system will compare the signatures against expected signatures whenthe compact operation is employed during self-test or scan-test. Suchcomparison can be done either in the integrated circuit with a built-incomparator or in an ATE by shifting the final signatures out foranalysis.

In the present invention, both self-test and scan-test techniques areemployed to detect or locate stuck-at and delay faults. The stuck-atfaults further comprise other stuck-type faults, such as open andbridging faults. The delay faults further comprise other non-stuck-typedelay faults, such as transition (gate-delay), multiple-cycle delay, andpath-delay faults. In addition, each scan cell can be a multiplexed Dflip-flop or a level sensitive latch, and the integrated circuit orcircuit assembly under test can be a full-scan or partial-scan design.

In general, it is only required to apply one clock pulse and twoconsecutive clock pulses to test stuck-at faults and delay faults withinone clock domain, respectively. Multiple-cycle paths present within oneclock domain and between clock domains, however, require waiting for anumber of clock cycles for capturing. To test multiple-cycle pathswithin clock domains, the present invention further comprise applyingonly one clock pulse to test these multiple-cycle paths within eachclock domain by reducing the frequency of that domain's capture clockspeed to the level where only paths of equal cycle latency (cycledelays) are captured at its intended rated clock speed one at a time. Totest multiple-cycle paths between two clock domains, the presentinvention further comprise adjusting the relative clock delay along thepaths to the level where the crossing-boundary multiple-cycle paths arecaptured at its intended rated clock speed.

To summarize, the present invention centers on using one global scanenable (GSE) signal for driving all scan enable (SE) signals at areduced clock speed and applying an ordered sequence of capture clocksfor capturing output responses in both self-test and scan-test modes.The present invention assumes that the integrated circuit or circuitassembly must contain two or more clock domains each controlled by onecapture clock. During self-test, each capture clock shall contain one ormore clock pulses, and during scan-test, one of the capture clocks mustcontain two or more clock pulses.

Due to its ease of control on the scan enable and capture clock signals,the multiple-capture DFT system of the present invention can now beeasily realized by an apparatus and synthesized using computer-aideddesign (CAD) tools. The present invention further comprises such a CADsystem for synthesizing the apparatus and verifying its correctnessusing combinational fault simulation and combinational ATPG in self-testor scan-test mode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects, advantages and features of the inventionwill become more apparent when considered with the followingspecification and accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 shows an example full-scan or partial-scan design with 4 clockdomains and 4 system clocks, where a multiple-capture DFT system inaccordance with the present invention is used to detect or locatestuck-at faults at a reduced clock speed in self-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 2 shows a multiple-capture DFT system with multiple PRPG-MISRpairs, in accordance with the present invention, which is used at areduced clock speed in self-test mode to detect or locate stuck-atfaults in the design given in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 1,in accordance with the present invention, where an ordered sequence ofcapture clocks is used to detect or locate stuck-at faults within eachclock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains in self-testmode. The chain of control events is also shown.

FIG. 4 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 1,in accordance with the present invention, where a shortened yet orderedsequence of capture clocks is used to detect or locate stuck-at faultswithin each clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains inself-test mode.

FIG. 5 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 1,in accordance with the present invention, where an expanded yet orderedsequence of capture clocks is used to detect or locate other stuck-typefaults within each clock domain and other stuck-type faults crossingclock domains in self-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 6 shows a timing diagram of the partial-scan design given in FIG.1, in accordance with the present invention, where an ordered sequenceof capture clocks is used to detect or locate stuck-at faults withineach clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains inself-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 7 shows an example full-scan or partial-scan design with 4 clockdomains and 4 system clocks, where a multiple-capture DFT system inaccordance with the present invention is used to detect or locatestuck-at, delay, and multiple-cycle delay faults at its desired clockspeed in self-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 8 shows a multiple-capture DFT system with multiple PRPG-MISRpairs, in accordance with the present invention, which is used at itsdesired clock speed in self-test or scan-test mode to detect or locatestuck-at, delay, and multiple-cycle delay faults in the design given inFIG. 7.

FIG. 9 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where an ordered sequence ofcapture clocks is used to detect or locate stuck-at faults within eachclock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains in self-testmode.

FIG. 10 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where an ordered sequence ofcapture clocks is used to detect or locate delay faults within eachclock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains in self-test orscan-test mode. The chain of control events is also shown.

FIG. 11 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where a shortened yet orderedsequence of capture clocks is used to detect or locate delay faultswithin each clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains inself-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 12 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where an ordered sequence ofcapture clocks is used to detect or locate stuck-at faults within eachclock domain and delay faults crossing clock domains in self-test orscan-test mode.

FIG. 13 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where an ordered sequence ofcapture clocks is used to detect or locate delay faults within eachclock domain and delay faults crossing clock domains in self-test orscan-test mode.

FIG. 14 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where a reordered sequence ofcapture clocks is used to detect or locate delay faults within eachclock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains in self-test orscan-test mode.

FIG. 15 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where an expanded yet orderedsequence of capture clocks is used to detect or locate additional delayfaults within each clock domain and additional stuck-at faults crossingclock domains in self-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 16 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where an ordered sequence ofcapture clocks is used to detect or locate 2-cycle delay faults withineach clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains inself-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 17 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where an ordered sequence ofcapture clocks is used to detect or locate 2-cycle delay faults withineach clock domain and 2-cycle delay faults crossing clock domains inself-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 18 shows a timing diagram of the partial-scan design given in FIG.7, in accordance with the present invention, where an ordered sequenceof capture clocks is used to detect or locate stuck-at faults withineach clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains inself-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 19 shows a timing diagram of the partial-scan design given in FIG.7, in accordance with the present invention, where an ordered sequenceof capture clocks is used to detect or locate delay faults within eachclock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains in self-test orscan-test mode.

FIG. 20 shows a timing diagram of the partial-scan design given in FIG.7, in accordance with the present invention, where an ordered sequenceof capture clocks is used to detect or locate 2-cycle delay faultswithin each clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains inself-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 21 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where the capture clock CK2during the capture cycle is chosen to diagnose faults captured by CK2 inself-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 22 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where the capture clocks CK1and CK3 during the capture cycle are chosen to diagnose faults capturedby CK1 and CK3 in self-test or scan-test mode.

FIG. 23 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 1,in accordance with the present invention, where all capture clocksduring the shift cycle are skewed to reduce power consumption.

FIG. 24 shows a multiple-capture CAD system in accordance with thepresent invention, where a CAD system is used to implement themultiple-capture DFT technique on a full-scan or partial-scan design inself-test mode.

FIG. 25 shows a multiple-capture CAD system in accordance with thepresent invention, where a CAD system is used to implement themultiple-capture DFT technique on a full-scan or partial-scan design inscan-test mode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following description is of presently contemplated as the best modeof carrying out the present invention. This description is not to betaken in a limiting sense but is made merely for the purpose ofdescribing the principles of the invention. The scope of the inventionshould be determined by referring to the appended claims.

FIG. 1 shows an example full-scan or partial-scan design with amultiple-capture DFT system, of one embodiment of the invention. Thedesign 133 contains 4 clock domains, CD1 102 to CD4 105, and 4 systemclocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120. Each system clock controls one clock domain.CD1 102 and CD2 103 talk to each other via a crossing clock-domain logicblock CCD1 106; CD2 103 and CD3 104 talk to each other via a crossingclock-domain logic block CCD2 107; and CD3 104 and CD4 105 talk to eachother via a crossing clock-domain logic block CCD3 108.

The 4 clock domains, CD1 102 to CD4 105, are originally designed to runat 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, respectively. However, in thisexample, since a DFT (self-test or scan-test) technique is only employedto detect or locate stuck-at faults in the design 133, all systemclocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120, are reconfigured to operate at 10 MHz. Thereconfigured system clocks are called capture clocks.

During self-test or scan-test, the multiple-capture DFT system 101 willtake over the control of all stimuli, 109, 112, 115, and 118, all systemclocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120, and all output responses, 110, 113, 116, and119.

During the shift operation, the multiple-capture DFT system 101 firstgenerates and shifts pseudorandom or predetermined stimuli through 109,112, 115, and 118 to all scan cells SC in all scan chains SCN within the4 clock domains, CD1 102 to CD4 105, simultaneously. Themultiple-capture DFT system 101 shall wait until all stimuli, 109, 112,115, and 118, have been shifted into all scan cells SC. It should benoted that, during the shift operation, the capture clock can beoperated either at its rated clock speed (at-speed) or at a desiredclock speed.

After the shift operation is completed, an ordered sequence of captureclocks is applied to all clock domains, CD1 102 to CD4 105. During thecapture operation, each capture clock can operate at its rated clockspeed (at-speed) or at a reduced speed (slow-speed), and can begenerated internally or controlled externally. In this example, allsystem clocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120, are reconfigured to operate at areduced frequency of 10 MHz.

After the capture operation is completed, the output responses capturedat all scan cells SC are shifted out through responses 110, 113, 116,and 119 to the multiple-capture DFT system 101 for compaction during thecompact operation or direct comparison during the compare operation.

Based on FIG. 1, the timing diagrams given in FIGS. 3 to 6 are used toillustrate that, by properly ordering the sequence of capture clocks andby adjusting relative inter-clock delays, stuck-at faults within eachclock domain and crossing clock domains can be detected or located inself-test or scan-test mode. Please note that different ways of orderingthe sequence of capture clocks and adjusting relative inter-clock delayswill result in different faults to be detected or located.

FIG. 2 shows a multiple-capture DFT system with three PRPG-MISR pairs,of one embodiment of the invention, used to detect or locate stuck-atfaults in the design 133 given in FIG. 1 in self-test mode.

Pseudorandom pattern generators (PRPGs), 211 to 213, are used togenerate pseudorandom patterns. Phase shifters, 214 to 216, are used tobreak the dependency between different outputs of the PRPGs. The bitstreams coming from the phase shifters become test stimuli, 109, 112,115, and 118.

Space compactors, 217 to 219, are used to reduce the number of bitstreams in test responses, 110, 113, 116, and 119 shifted out of CD1102, CD2 103, CD3 104, and CD4 105, respectively. Space compactors areoptional and are only used when the overhead of a MISR becomes aconcern. The outputs of the space compactors are then compressed bymultiple input signature registers (MISRs), 220 to 222. The contents ofMISRs after all test stimuli are applied become signatures, 236 to 238.The signatures are then be compared by comparators, 223 to 225, withcorresponding expected values. The error indicator 226 is used tocombine the individual pass/fail signals, 242 to 244, a global pass/failsignal 245. Alternatively, the signatures in MISRs 220 to 222 can beshifted to the outside of the design for comparison through a singlescan chain composed of elements 223, 239, 224, 240, 225, and 241.

The central self-test controller 202 controls the whole test process bymanipulating individual scan enable signals, 204 to 207, and byreconfiguring capture clocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120. Especially, the scanenable signals, 204 to 207, can be controlled by one global scan enablesignal GSE 201, which can be a slow signal in that it does not have tosettle down in half of the cycle of any clock applied to any clockdomain. Some additional control signals 203, connected to 208, 209 and210, are needed to conduct other control tasks.

The clock domains 103 and 104, which are operated at the same frequency,share the same pair of PRPG 212 and MISR 221. It should be noted thatthe skew between the clocks CK2 114 and CK3 117 should be properlymanaged to prevent any timing violations during the shift operation andany races during the capture operation.

All storage elements in PRPGs, 211 to 213, and MISRs, 220 to 222, can beconnected into a scan chain through paths 246 to 252 from whichpredetermined patterns can be shifted in for reseeding and computedsignatures can be shifted out for analysis. This configuration helps inincreasing fault coverage and in facilitating fault diagnosis.

FIG. 3 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design given in FIG. 1, ofone embodiment of the invention for detecting or locating stuck-atfaults within each clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clockdomains with an ordered sequence of capture clocks in self-test mode.The timing diagram 300 shows the sequence of waveforms of the 4 captureclocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120, operating at the same frequency.

During each shift cycle 310, a series of pulses of 10 MHz are appliedthrough capture clocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120, to shift stimuli to all scancells within all clock domains, CD1 102 to CD4 105.

During each capture cycle 311, 4 sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, one capture pulse is applied toCK1 111 to detect or locate stuck-at faults within the clock domain CD1102. Second, one capture pulse is applied to CK2 114 to detect or locatestuck-at faults within the clock domain CD2 103. Third, one capturepulse is applied to CK3 117 to detect or locate stuck-at faults withinthe clock domain CD3 104. Fourth, one capture pulse is applied to CK4120 to detect or locate stuck-at faults within the clock domain CD4 105.

In addition, the stuck-at faults which can be reached from lines 121,125, and 129 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 106 to CCD3108, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 307 betweenthe rising edge of the capture pulse of CK1 111 and the rising edge ofthe capture pulse of CK2 114 must be adjusted so that no races or timingviolations would occur while the output responses 123 are capturedthrough the crossing clock-domain logic block CCD1 106.

The same principle applies to the relative clock delay 308 between CK2114 and CK3 117, and the relative clock delay 309 between CK3 117 andCK4 120 for capturing output responses, 127 and 131, through CCD2 107and CCD3 108, respectively.

It should be noticed that, generally, during each shift cycle, anycapture clock is allowed to operate at its desired or a reduced clockspeed. In addition, it is not necessary that all capture clocks mustoperate at the same clock speed. Furthermore, to reduce peak powerconsumption during the shift cycle, all capture clocks can be skewed sothat at any given time only scan cells within one clock domain canchange states. One global scan enable signal GSE 201, operated at areduced clock speed, can also be used, when requested, to switch thetest operation from the shift cycle to the capture cycle, and viceversa.

The daisy-chain clock-triggering technique is used to generate and orderthe sequence of capture clocks one after the other in the following way:The rising edge of the last pulse in the shift cycle triggers the event301 of applying 0 to the global scan enable GSE 201, switching the testoperation from the shift cycle to the capture cycle. The falling edge ofGSE 201 triggers the event 302 of applying one capture pulse to CK1 111.Similarly, the rising edge of the capture pulse of CK1 111 triggers theevent 303 of applying one capture pulse to CK2 114, the rising edge ofthe capture pulse of CK2 114 triggers the event 304 of applying onecapture pulse to CK3 117, and the rising edge of the capture pulse ofCK3 117 triggers the event 305 of applying one capture pulse to CK4 120.Finally, the rising edge of the capture pulse of CK4 120 triggers theevent 306 of applying 1 to the global scan enable GSE 201, switching thetest operation from the capture cycle to the shift cycle. Thisdaisy-chain clock-triggering technique is also used to order thesequence of capture clocks in FIGS. 4 to 6.

FIG. 4 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design given in FIG. 1, ofone embodiment of the invention for detecting or locating stuck-atfaults within each clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clockdomains with a shortened yet ordered sequence of capture clocks inself-test mode. The timing diagram 400 shows the sequence of waveformsof the 4 capture clocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120, operating at the samefrequency.

During each shift cycle 402, a series of clock pulses of 10 MHz areapplied through capture clocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120, to shift stimuli toall scan cells within all clock domains, CD1 102 to CD4 105.

During each capture cycle 403, two sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, one capture pulse is applied toCK1 111 and CK3 117 simultaneously to detect or locate stuck-at faultswithin the clock domain CD1 102 and CD3 104, respectively. Second, onecapture pulse is applied to CK2 114 and CK4 120 simultaneously to detector locate stuck-at faults within the clock domain CD2 103 and CD4 105,respectively.

In addition, the stuck-at faults which can be reached from lines 121,128, and 129 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 106 to CCD3108, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 401 betweenthe rising edge of the capture pulse for CK1 111 and CK3 117 and therising edge of the capture pulse for CK2 114 and CK4 120, must beadjusted so that no races or timing violations would occur while theoutput responses, 123, 126, and 131, are captured through the crossingclock-domain logic blocks CCD1 106 to CCD3 108.

FIG. 5 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design in FIG. 1 of oneembodiment of the invention for detecting or locating other stuck-typefaults within each clock domain and other stuck-type faults crossingclock domains with an expanded yet ordered sequence of capture clocks inself-test or scan-test mode. The timing diagram 500 shows the sequenceof waveforms of the 4 capture clocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120, operating atthe same frequency.

During each shift cycle 503, a series of clock pulses of 10 MHz areapplied through capture clocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120, to shift stimuli toall scan cells within all clock domains, CD1 102 to CD4 105.

During each capture cycle 504, two sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, two capture pulses are applied toCK1 111 and CK3 117, simultaneously. Second, one capture pulse isapplied to CK2 114 and CK4 120, simultaneously. Stuck-at faults in allcrossing clock-domain combinations, from 121 to 123, from 124 to 122,from 125 to 127, from 128 to 126, from 129 to 131, from 132 to 130, canbe detected or located if the following condition is satisfied: Therelative clock delay 501 between the rising edge of the first capturepulse of CK1 111 and CK3 117 and the rising edge of the capture pulse ofCK2 114 and CK4 120 must be adjusted so that no races or timingviolations would occur while the output responses 123, 126, and 131 arecaptured through the crossing clock-domain logic block CCD1 106 to CCD3108, respectively. The relative clock delay 502 between the rising edgeof the capture pulse of CK2 114 and CK4 120 and the second capture pulseof CK1 111 and CK3 117 must be adjusted so that no races or timingviolations would occur while the output responses 122, 127, and 130 arecaptured through the crossing clock-domain logic block CCD1 106 to CCD3108, respectively.

FIG. 6 shows a timing diagram of a feed-forward partial-scan designgiven in FIG. 1, of one embodiment of the invention for detecting orlocating stuck-at faults within each clock domain and stuck-at faultscrossing clock domains with a shortened yet ordered sequence of captureclocks in self-test or scan-test mode. It is assumed that the clockdomains CD1 102 to CD4 105 contain a number of un-scanned storage cellsthat form a sequential depth of no more than 2. The timing diagram showsthe sequence of waveforms of the 4 capture clocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120,operating at the same frequency.

During each shift cycle 606, a series of clock pulses of 10 MHz areapplied through capture clocks, CK1 111 to CK4 120, to shift stimuli toall scan cells within all clock domains, CD1 102 to CD4 105.

During each capture cycle 607, two sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, three pulses of 10 MHz, two beingfunctional pulses and one being a capture pulse, are applied to CK1 111and CK3 117 simultaneously to detect or locate stuck-at faults withinthe clock domain CD1 102 and CD3 104, respectively. Second, three pulsesof 10 MHz, two being functional pulses and one being a capture pulse,are applied to CK2 114 and CK4 120 simultaneously to detect or locatestuck-at faults within the clock domain CD2 103 and CD4 105,respectively.

In addition, the stuck-at faults which can be reached from lines 121,128, and 129 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 106 to CCD3108, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 603 betweenthe rising edge of the capture pulse for CK1 111 and CK3 117 and therising edge of the capture pulse for CK2 114 and CK4 120 must beadjusted so that no races or timing violations would occur while theoutput responses, 123, 126, and 131, are captured through the crossingclock-domain logic blocks CCD1 106 to CCD3 108.

FIG. 7 shows an example full-scan or partial-scan design with amultiple-capture DFT system 701, of one embodiment of the invention. Thedesign 733 is the same as the design 133 given in FIG. 1. Same as inFIG. 1, the 4 clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705, are originally designedto run at 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, respectively. The onlydifference from FIG. 1 is that these clock frequencies will be useddirectly without alternation in order to implement at-speed self-test orscan-test for stuck-at, delay, and multiple-cycle delay faults withineach clock domain and crossing clock domains. In self-test or scan-testmode, the multiple-capture DFT system 701 will take over the control ofall stimuli, 709, 712, 715 and 718, all system clocks, CK1 711 to CK4720, and all output responses, 710, 713, 716 and 719.

Based on FIG. 7, the timing diagrams given in FIGS. 9 to 20 are used toillustrate that, by properly ordering the sequence of capture pulses andby adjusting relative inter-clock delays, the at-speed detection orlocation of stuck-at, delay, and multiple-cycle delay faults within eachclock domain and crossing clock domains can be achieved in self-test orscan-test mode. Please note that different ways of ordering the sequenceof capture pulses and adjusting relative inter-clock delays will resultin different faults to be detected or located.

FIG. 8 shows a multiple-capture DFT system with three PRPG-MISR pairs,of one embodiment of the invention, used in self-test or scan-test modeto detect or locate stuck-at, delay, and multiple-cycle delay faults inthe design given in FIG. 7. The composition and operation of themultiple-capture DFT system is basically the same as the one given inFIG. 2. There are two major differences: One is that, in this example,the original clock frequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz,are used directly without alternation in order to implement at-speedself-test or scan-test. The other is that more care needs to be taken inthe physical design of scan chains, etc., in this example.

The clock domains 703 and 704, which are operated at the same frequency,share the same pair of PRPG 812 and MISR 821. It should be noted thatthe skew between the clocks CK2 714 and CK3 717 should be properlymanaged to prevent any timing violations during the shift operation andany races during the capture operation.

All storage elements in PRPGs, 811 to 813, and MISRs, 820 to 822, can beconnected into a scan chain from which predetermined patterns can beshifted in for reseeding and computed signatures can be shifted out foranalysis. This configuration helps in increasing fault coverage and infacilitating fault diagnosis.

FIG. 9 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design given in FIG. 7, ofone embodiment of the invention for detecting or locating stuck-atfaults within each clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clockdomains with an ordered sequence of capture clocks in self-test mode.The timing diagram 900 shows the sequence of waveforms of the 4 captureclocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, operating at different frequencies. Thistiming diagram is basically the same as the one given in FIG. 3 exceptthe capture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, run at 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100MHz, and 66 MHz, respectively, in both shift and capture cycles, insteadof 10 MHz as in FIG. 3.

FIG. 10 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design given in FIG. 7, ofone embodiment of the invention for detecting or locating delay faultswithin each clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains withan ordered sequence of capture clocks in self-test or scan-test mode.The timing diagram 1000 shows the sequence of waveforms of the 4 captureclocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, operating at different frequencies.

During each shift cycle 1014, a series of clock pulses of differentfrequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, are applied throughcapture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, to shift stimuli to all scan cellswithin all clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705.

During each capture cycle 1015, 4 sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, two capture pulses of 150 MHz areapplied to CK1 711 to detect or locate delay faults within the clockdomain CD1 702. Second, two capture pulses of 100 MHz are applied to CK2714 to detect or locate delay faults within the clock domain CD2 703.Third, two capture pulses of 100 MHz are applied to CK3 717 to detect orlocate delay faults within the clock domain CD3 704. Fourth, two capturepulses of 66 MHz are applied to CK4 720 to detect or locate delay faultswithin the clock domain CD4 705.

In addition, the stuck-at faults which can be reached from lines 721,725, and 729 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 to CCD3708, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 1008 betweenthe rising edge of the second capture pulse of CK1 711 and the risingedge of the first capture pulse of CK2 714 must be adjusted so that noraces or timing violations would occur while the output responses 723are captured through the crossing clock-domain logic block CCD1 706.

The same principle applies to the relative clock delay 1010 between CK2714 and CK3 717, and the relative clock delay 1012 between CK3 717 andCK4 720 for capturing the output responses, 727 and 731, through CCD2707 and CCD3 708, respectively.

The daisy-chain clock-triggering technique is used to generate and orderthe sequence of capture clocks one after the other in the following way:The rising edge of the last pulse in the shift cycle triggers the event1001 of applying 0 to the global scan enable GSE 801, switching the testoperation from the shift cycle to the capture cycle. The falling edge ofGSE 801 triggers the event 1002 of applying two capture pulses to CK1711. Similarly, the rising edge of the second capture pulse of CK1 711triggers the event 1003 of applying two capture pulses to CK2 714, therising edge of the second capture pulse of CK2 714 triggers the event1004 of applying two capture pulses to CK3 717, and the rising edge ofthe second capture pulse of CK3 717 triggers the event 1005 of applyingtwo capture pulses to CK4 720. Finally, the rising edge of the secondcapture pulse of CK4 720 triggers the event 1006 of applying 1 to theglobal scan enable GSE 801, switching the test operation from thecapture cycle to the shift cycle. This daisy-chain clock-triggeringtechnique is also used to order the sequence of capture clocks in FIG. 9and FIGS. 11 to 20.

FIG. 11 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design given in FIG. 7, ofone embodiment of the invention for detecting or locating delay faultswithin each clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains witha shortened yet ordered sequence of capture clocks in self-test orscan-test mode. The timing diagram 1100 shows the sequence of waveformsof the 4 capture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, operating at differentfrequencies.

During each shift cycle 1108, a series of clock pulses of differentfrequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, are applied throughcapture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, to shift stimuli to all scan cellswithin all clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705.

During each capture cycle 1109, 4 sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, two capture pulses of frequency150 MHz are applied to CK1 711 and two clock pulses of frequency 100 MHzare applied to CK3 717, simultaneously, to detect or locate delay faultswithin the clock domain CD1 702 and CD3 704, respectively. Second, twocapture pulses of frequency 100 MHz are applied to CK2 714 and twocapture pulses of frequency 66 MHz are applied to CK4 720,simultaneously, to detect or locate delay faults within the clock domainCD2 703 and CD4 705, respectively.

In addition, the stuck-at faults which can be reached from lines 721,728, and 729 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 to CCD3708, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 1102 betweenthe rising edge of the second capture pulse of CK1 711 and the risingedge of the first capture pulse of CK2 714 must be adjusted so that noraces or timing violations would occur while the output responses 723are captured through the crossing clock-domain logic block CCD1 706.

The same principle applies to the relative clock delay 1104 between CK3717 and CK2 714, and the relative clock delay 1106 between CK3 717 andCK4 720 for capturing the output responses, 726 and 731, through CCD2707 and CCD3 708, respectively.

FIG. 12 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design given in FIG. 7, ofone embodiment of the invention for detecting or locating stuck-atfaults within each clock domain and delay faults crossing clock domainswith an ordered sequence of capture clocks in self-test or scan-testmode. The timing diagram 1200 shows the sequence of waveforms of the 4capture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, operating at different frequencies.

During each shift cycle 1204, a series of clock pulses of differentfrequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, are applied throughcapture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, to shift stimuli to all scan cellswithin all clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705.

During each capture cycle 1205, 4 sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, one capture pulse of 150 MHz isapplied to CK1 711 to detect or locate stuck-at faults within the clockdomain CD1 702. Second, one capture pulse of 100 MHz is applied to CK2714 to detect or locate stuck-at faults within the clock domain CD2 703.Third, one capture pulse of 100 MHz is applied to CK3 717 to detect orlocate stuck-at faults within the clock domain CD3 704. Fourth, onecapture pulse of 66MHz is applied to CK4 720 to detect or locatestuck-at faults within the clock domain CD4 705.

In addition, the delay faults which can be reached from lines 721, 725,and 729 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 to CCD3 708,respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delays 1201 betweenthe rising edge of the capture pulse of CK1 711 and the rising edge ofthe capture pulse of CK2 714 must be adjusted to meet the at-speedtiming requirements for paths from 721 to 723. Similarly, the relativeclock delay 1202 between CK2 714 and CK3 717, and the relative clockdelay 1203 between CK3 717 and CK4 720, must be adjusted to meet theat-speed timing requirements for paths from 725 to 727, and paths from729 to 731, respectively.

FIG. 13 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design given in FIG. 7, ofone embodiment of the invention for detecting or locating delay faultswithin each clock domain and delay faults crossing clock domains with anordered sequence of capture clocks in self-test or scan-test mode. Thetiming diagram 1300 shows the sequence of waveforms of the 4 captureclocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, operating at different frequencies.

During each shift cycle 1308, a series of clock pulses of differentfrequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, are applied throughcapture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, to shift stimuli to all scan cellswithin all clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705.

During each capture cycle 1309, 4 sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, two capture pulses of 150 MHz areapplied to CK1 711 to detect or locate delay faults within the clockdomain CD1 702. Second, two capture pulses of 100 MHz are applied to CK2714 to detect or locate delay faults within the clock domain CD2 703.Third, two capture pulses of 100 MHz are applied to CK3 717 to detect orlocate delay faults within the clock domain CD3 704. Fourth, two capturepulses of 66 MHz are applied to CK4 720 to detect or locate delay faultswithin the clock domain CD4 705.

In addition, the delay faults which can be reached from lines 721, 725,and 729 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 to CCD3 708,respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 1302 betweenthe rising edge of the second capture pulse of CK1 711 and the risingedge of the first capture pulse of CK2 714 must be adjusted to meet theat-speed timing requirements for paths from 721 to 723. Similarly, therelative clock delay 1304 between CK2 714 and CK3 717, and the relativeclock delay 1306 between CK3 717 and CK4 720, must be adjusted to meetthe at-speed timing requirements for paths from 725 to 727, and pathsfrom 729 and 731, respectively.

FIG. 14 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design given in FIG. 7, ofone embodiment of the invention for detecting or locating delay faultswithin each clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clock domains witha reordered sequence of capture clocks in self-test or scan-test mode.The timing diagram 1400 shows the sequence of waveforms of the 4 captureclocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, operating at different frequencies.

During each shift cycle 1408, a series of clock pulses of differentfrequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, are applied throughcapture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, to shift stimuli to all scan cellswithin all clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705.

During each capture cycle 1409, 4 sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, two capture pulses of 66 MHz areapplied to CK4 720 to detect or locate delay faults within the clockdomain CD4 705. Second, two capture pulses of 100 MHz are applied to CK3717 to detect or locate delay faults within the clock domain CD3 704.Third, two capture pulses of 100 MHz are applied to CK2 714 to detect orlocate delay faults within the clock domain CD2 703. Fourth, two capturepulses of 150 MHz are applied to CK1 711 to detect or locate delayfaults within the clock domain CD1 702.

In addition, the stuck-at faults which can be reached from lines 724,728, and 732 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 to CCD3708, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 1402 betweenthe rising edge of the second capture pulse of CK4 720 and the risingedge of the first capture pulse of CK3 717 must be adjusted so that noraces or timing violations would occur while the output responses 730are captured through the crossing clock-domain logic block CCD3 708.

The same principle applies to the relative clock delay 1404 between CK3717 and CK2 714, and the relative clock delay 1406 between CK2 714 andCK1 711 for capturing output responses, 726 and 722, through CCD2 707and CCD1 706, respectively

FIG. 15 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design given in FIG. 7, ofone embodiment of the invention for detecting or locating additionaldelay faults within each clock domain and additional stuck-at faultscrossing clock domains with an expanded yet ordered sequence of captureclocks in self-test or scan-test mode. The timing diagram 1500 shows thesequence of waveforms of the 4 capture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720,operating at different frequencies.

During each shift cycle 1514, a series of clock pulses of differentfrequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, are applied throughcapture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, to shift stimuli to all scan cellswithin all clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705.

During each capture cycle 1515, seven sets of double-capture pulses areapplied in the following order: First, two capture pulses of 150 MHz areapplied to CK1 711. Second, two capture pulses of 100 MHz are applied toCK2 714. Third, two capture pulses of 100 MHz are applied to CK3 717.Fourth, two capture pulses of 66 MHz are applied to CK4 720. Fifth, twocapture pulses of 100 MHz are applied to CK3 717. Sixth, two capturepulses of 100 MHz are applied to CK2 714. Seventh, two capture pulses of150 MHz are applied to CK1 711.

For the capture clock CK1 711, the second pulse and the third pulse areused to launch the transition needed for detecting or locating delayfaults within the clock domain CD1 702. Since the transition isgenerated by two close-to-functional patterns, the risk of activating afalse path is lower. In addition, additional delay faults within theclock domain CD1 702 can be detected or located by the transition. Thesame results also apply to the clock domains CD2 703 and CD3 704.

In addition, the stuck-at faults which can be reached from lines 724,728, and 732 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 to CCD3708, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 1508 betweenthe rising edge of the second capture pulse of CK4 720 and the risingedge of the first capture pulse of CK3 717 must be adjusted so that noraces or timing violations would occur while the output responses 730are captured through the crossing clock-domain logic block CCD3 708.

The same principle applies to the relative clock delay 1510 between CK3717 and CK2 714, and the relative clock delay 1512 between CK2 714 andCK1 711 for capturing output responses, 726 and 722, through CCD2 707and CCD1 706, respectively.

FIG. 16 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design given in FIG. 7, ofone embodiment of the invention for detecting or locating 2-cycle delayfaults within each clock domain and stuck-at faults crossing clockdomains with an ordered sequence of capture clocks in self-test orscan-test mode. It is assumed that some paths in the clock domains, CD1702 to CD4 705, need two cycles for signals to pass through. The timingdiagram 1600 shows the sequence of waveforms of the 4 capture clocks,CK1 711 to CK4 720, operating at different frequencies.

During each shift cycle 1608, a series of clock pulses of differentfrequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, are applied throughcapture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, to shift stimuli to all scan cellswithin all clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705.

During each capture cycle 1609, 4 sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, two capture pulses of 75 MHz(half of 150 MHz) are applied to CK1 711 to detect or locate 2-cycledelay faults within the clock domain CD1 702. Second, two capture pulsesof 50 MHz (half of 100 MHz) are applied to CK2 714 to detect or locate2-cycle delay faults within the clock domain CD2 703. Third, two capturepulses of 50 MHz (half of 100 MHz) are applied to CK3 717 to detect orlocate 2-cycle delay faults within the clock domain CD3 704. Fourth, twocapture pulses of 33 MHz (half of 66 MHz) are applied to CK4 720 todetect or locate 2-cycle delay faults within the clock domain CD4 705.

In addition, the stuck-at faults which can be reached from lines 721,725, and 729 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 to CCD3708, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 1602 betweenthe rising edge of the second capture pulse of CK1 711 and the risingedge of the first capture pulse of CK2 714 must be adjusted so that noraces or timing violations would occur while the output responses 723are captured through the crossing clock-domain logic block CCD1 706.

The same principle applies to the relative clock delay 1604 between CK2714 and CK3 717, and the relative clock delay 1606 between CK3 717 andCK4 720 for capturing output responses, 727 and 731, through CCD2 707and CCD3 708, respectively.

FIG. 17 shows a timing diagram of a full-scan design given in FIG. 7, ofone embodiment of the invention for detecting or locating 2-cycle delayfaults within each clock domain and 2-cycle delay faults crossing clockdomains with an ordered sequence of capture clocks in self-test orscan-test mode. It is assumed that some paths in the clock domains, CD1702 to CD4 705, and the crossing clock-domain logic blocks, CCD1 706 toCCD3 708, need two cycles for signals to pass through. The timingdiagram 1700 shows the sequence of waveforms of the 4 capture clocks,CK1 711 to CK4 720, operating at different frequencies.

During each shift cycle 1708, a series of clock pulses of differentfrequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, are applied throughcapture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, to shift stimuli to all scan cellswithin all clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705.

During each capture cycle 1709, 4 sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, two capture pulses of 75 MHz(half of 150 MHz) are applied to CK1 711 to detect or locate 2-cycledelay faults within the clock domain CD1 702. Second, two capture pulsesof 50 MHz (half of 100 MHz) are applied to CK2 714 to detect or locate2-cycle delay faults within the clock domain CD2 703. Third, two capturepulses of 50 MHz (half of 100 MHz) are applied to CK3 717 to detect orlocate 2-cycle delay faults within the clock domain CD3 704. Fourth, twocapture pulses of 33 MHz (half of 66 MHz) are applied to CK4 720 todetect or locate 2-cycle delay faults within the clock domain CD4 705.

In addition, the 2-cycle delay faults which can be reached from lines721, 725, and 729 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 toCCD3 708, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously ifthe following condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 1702between the rising edge of the second capture pulse of CK1 711 and therising edge of the first capture pulse of CK2 714 must be adjusted tomeet the 2-cycle timing requirements for paths from 721 to 723.Similarly, the relative clock delay 1704 between CK2 714 and CK3 717,and the relative clock delay 1706 between CK3 717 and CK4 720, must beadjusted to meet the 2-cycle timing requirements for paths from 725 to727, and paths from 729 and 731, respectively.

FIG. 18 shows a timing diagram of a feed-forward partial-scan designgiven in FIG. 7, of one embodiment of the invention for detecting orlocating stuck-at faults within each clock domain and stuck-at faultscrossing clock domains with an ordered sequence of capture clocks inself-test or scan-test mode. It is assumed that the clock domains CD1702 to CD4 705 contain a number of un-scanned storage cells that form asequential depth of no more than 2. The timing diagram 1800 shows thesequence of waveforms of the 4 capture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720,operating at different frequencies.

During each shift cycle 1812, a series of clock pulses of differentfrequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, are applied throughcapture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, to shift stimuli to all scan cellswithin all clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705.

During each capture cycle 1813, 4 sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, three pulses of 150 MHz, twobeing functional pulses and one being a capture pulse, are applied toCK1 711 to detect or locate stuck-at faults within the clock domain CD1702. Second, three pulses of 100 MHz, two being functional pulses andone being a capture pulse, are applied to CK2 714 to detect or locatestuck-at faults within the clock domain CD2 703. Third, three pulses of100 MHz, two being functional pulses and one being a capture pulse, areapplied to CK3 717 to detect or locate stuck-at faults within the clockdomain CD3 704. Fourth, three pulses of frequency 66 MHz, two beingfunctional pulses and one being a capture pulse, are applied to CK4 717to detect or locate stuck-at faults within the clock domain CD4 705.

In addition, the stuck-at faults which can be reached from lines 721,725, and 729 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 to CCD3708, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 1803 betweenthe rising edge of the second capture pulse of CK1 711 and the risingedge of the first capture pulse of CK2 714 must be adjusted so that noraces or timing violations would occur while the output responses 723are captured through the crossing clock-domain logic block CCD1 706.

The same principle applies to the relative clock delay 1806 between CK2714 and CK3 717, and the relative clock delay 1809 between CK3 717 andCK4 720 for capturing output responses, 727 and 731, through CCD2 707and CCD3 708, respectively.

FIG. 19 shows a timing diagram of a feed-forward partial-scan designgiven in FIG. 7, of one embodiment of the invention for detecting orlocating delay faults within each clock domain and stuck-at faultscrossing clock domains with an ordered sequence of capture clocks inself-test or scan-test mode. It is assumed that the clock domains CD1702 to CD4 705 contain a number of un-scanned storage cells that form asequential depth of no more than 2. The timing diagram 1900 shows thesequence of waveforms of the 4 capture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720,operating at different frequencies.

During each shift cycle 1916, a series of clock pulses of differentfrequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, are applied throughcapture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, to shift stimuli to all scan cellswithin all clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705.

During each capture cycle 1917, 4 sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, 4 pulses of 150 MHz, two beingfunctional pulses and two being capture pulses, are applied to CK1 711to detect or locate delay faults within the clock domain CD1 702.Second, 4 pulses of 100 MHz, two being functional pulses and two beingcapture pulses, are applied to CK2 714 to detect or locate delay faultswithin the clock domain CD2 703. Third, 4 pulses of 100 MHz, two beingfunctional pulses and two being capture pulses, are applied to CK3 717to detect or locate delay faults within the clock domain CD3 704.Fourth, 4 pulses of 66 MHz, two being functional pulses and two beingcapture pulses, are applied to CK4 720 to detect or locate delay faultswithin the clock domain CD4 705.

In addition, the stuck-at faults which can be reached from lines 721,725, and 729 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 to CCD3708, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 1904 betweenthe rising edge of the second capture pulse of CK1 711 and the risingedge of the first capture pulse of CK2 714 must be adjusted so that noraces or timing violations would occur while the output responses 723are captured through the crossing clock-domain logic block CCD1 706.

The same principle applies to the relative clock delay 1908 between CK2714 and CK3 717, and the relative clock delay 1912 between CK3 717 andCK4 720 for capturing output responses, 727 and 731, through CCD2 707and CCD3 708, respectively.

FIG. 20 shows a timing diagram of a feed-forward partial-scan designgiven in FIG. 7, of one embodiment of the invention for detecting orlocating 2-cycle delay faults within each clock domain and stuck-atfaults crossing clock domains with an ordered sequence of capture clocksin self-test or scan-test mode. It is assumed that the clock domains CD1702 to CD4 705 contain a number of un-scanned storage cells that form asequential depth of no more than 2. Also, it is assumed that some pathsin the 50 clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705, need two cycles for signalsto pass through. The timing diagram 2000 shows the sequence of waveformsof the 4 capture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, operating at differentfrequencies.

During each shift cycle 2016, a series of clock pulses of differentfrequencies, 150 MHz, 100 MHz, 100 MHz, and 66 MHz, are applied throughcapture clocks, CK1 711 to CK4 720, to shift stimuli to all scan cellswithin all clock domains, CD1 702 to CD4 705.

During each capture cycle 2017, 4 sets of capture clock pulses areapplied in the following order: First, 4 pulses, two being functionalpulses of 150 MHz and two being capture pulses of 75 MHz (half of 150MHz), are applied to CK1 711 to detect or locate 2-cycle delay faultswithin the clock domain CD1 702. Second, 4 pulses, two being functionalpulses of 100 MHz and two being capture pulses of 50 MHz (half of 100MHz), are applied to CK2 714 to detect or locate 2-cycle delay faultswithin the clock domain CD2 703. Third, 4 pulses, two being functionalpulses of 100 MHz and two being capture pulses of 50 MHz (half of 100MHz), are applied to CK3 717 to detect or locate 2-cycle delay faultswithin the clock domain CD3 704. Fourth, 4 pulses, 2 being functionalpulses of 66 MHz and 2 being capture pulses of 33 MHz (half of 66 MHz),are applied to CK4 720 to detect or locate 2-cycle delay faults withinthe clock domain CD4 705.

In addition, the stuck-at faults which can be reached from lines 721,725, and 729 in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 to CCD3708, respectively, are also detected or located simultaneously if thefollowing condition is satisfied: The relative clock delay 2004 betweenthe rising edge of the second capture pulse of CK1 711 and the risingedge of the first capture pulse of CK2 714 must be adjusted so that noraces or timing violations would occur while the output responses 723are captured through the crossing clock-domain logic block CCDI 706.

The same principle applies to the relative clock delay 2008 between CK2714 and CK3 717, and the relative clock delay 2012 between CK3 717 andCK4 720 for capturing output responses, 727 and 731, through CCD2 707and CCD3 708, respectively.

FIG. 21 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where the capture clock CK2during the capture cycle is chosen to diagnose faults captured by CK2 inself-test or scan-test mode.

Fault diagnosis is the procedure by which a fault is located. In orderto achieve this goal, it is often necessary to use an approach where atest pattern detects only portion of faults while guaranteeing no otherfaults are detected. If the test pattern does produce a response thatmatches the observed response, it can then be declared that the portionmust contain at least one actual fault. Then the same approach to theportion of the faults to further localize the actual faults.

The timing diagram 2100 shows a way to facilitate this approach. In thecapture cycle 2107, two capture pulses of 100 MHz are only applied tothe capture clock CK2 714 while the other three capture clocks are heldinactive. As a result, for delay faults, only those in the clock domainCD2 703 are detected. In addition, for stuck-at faults, only those inthe crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 and CCD2 707 and theclock domain CD2 703 are detected. Obviously, this clock timing helps infault diagnosis.

FIG. 22 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 7,in accordance with the present invention, where the capture clocks CK1and CK3 during the capture cycle are chosen to diagnose faults capturedby CK1 and CK3 in self-test or scan-test mode.

The diagram 2200 shows one more timing scheme that can help faultdiagnosis as described in the description of FIG. 21. In the capturecycle 2208, two capture pulses of 150 MHz are applied to the captureclock CK1 711 and two capture pulses of 100 MHz are applied to thecapture clock CK3 717 while the other two capture clocks are heldinactive. As a result, for delay faults, only those in the clock domainCD1 702 and CD3 704 are detected. In addition, for stuck-at faults, onlythose in the crossing clock-domain logic blocks CCD1 706 to CCD3 708 andthe clock domains CD1 702 and CD3 703 are detected. Obviously, thisclock timing helps in fault diagnosis.

FIG. 23 shows a timing diagram of the full-scan design given in FIG. 1,in accordance with the present invention, where all capture clocksduring the shift cycle are skewed to reduce power consumption. Thetiming diagram 2300 only shows the waveforms for the capture clocks CK1111 to CK4 120 during the shift cycle. For the capture cycle, anycapture timing control methods claimed in this patent can be applied.

During the shift cycle 2305, clock pulses for the clocks CK1 111 to CK4120 are skewed by properly setting the delay 2301 between the shiftpulses for the clocks CK1 111 and CK2 114, the delay 2302 between theshift pulses for the clocks CK2 114 and CK3 117, the delay 2303 betweenthe shift pulses for the clocks CK3 117 and CK4 120, the delay 2304between the shift pulses for the clocks CK4 120 and CK1 111. As aresult, both peak power consumption and average power consumption arereduced. In addition, during the capture cycle, the PRPG 212 is drivenby clock CK2 114, the first-arrived capture clock, and the MISR 221 isdriven by clock CK3 117, the last-arrived capture clock, in the sharedPRPG-MISR pair 228 in FIG. 2. Thus, the ordered capture sequenceguarantees the correct capture operation when a shared PRPG-MISR pair isused for a plurality of clock domains in self-test mode.

FIG. 24 shows a flow chart of one embodiment of the invention. Themultiple-capture self-test computer-aided design (CAD) system 2400accepts the user-supplied HDL code or netlist 2402 together with theself-test control files 2401 and the chosen foundry library 2403. Theself-test control files 2401 contain all set-up information and scriptsrequired for compilation 2404, self-test rule check 2406, self-test rulerepair 2507, and multiple-capture self-test synthesis 2408. As a result,an equivalent combinational circuit model 2409 is generated. Then,combinational fault simulation 2410 can be performed. Finally,post-processing 2411 is used to produce the final self-test HDL code ornetlist 2412 as well as the HDL test benches and ATE test programs 2413.All reports and errors are saved in the report files 2414.

The multiple-capture self-test synthesis 2408 uses a hierarchicalapproach in which it synthesizes a plurality of PRPG-MISR pairs one at atime for each individual clock domain or combined clock domains, thensynthesizes a central self-test controller which includes an errorindicator, and finally stitches the central self-test controllertogether with synthesized PRPG-MISR pairs. Each PRPG-MISR pair iscomposed of a PRPG, an optional phase shifter, an optional spacecompactor, a MISR, and a comparator. In addition, during PRPG-MISRsynthesis, a number of spare scan cells can be inserted into selectedclock domains. As a result, the central self-test controller can remainintact even when the need for circuit modification rises at a laterstage.

FIG. 25 shows a flow chart of one embodiment of the invention. Themultiple-capture scan-test computer-aided design (CAD) system 2500accepts the user-supplied HDL code or netlist 2502 together with thescan control files 2501 and the chosen foundry library 2503. The scancontrol files 2501 contain all set-up information and scripts requiredfor compilation 2504, scan rule check 2506, scan rule repair 2507, andmultiple-capture scan synthesis 2508. As a result, an equivalentcombinational circuit model 2509 is generated. Then, combinational ATPG2510 can be performed. Finally, post-processing 2511 is used to producethe final scan HDL netlist 2512 as well as the HDL test benches and ATEtest programs 2513. All reports and errors are saved in the report files2514.

Having thus described presently preferred embodiments of the presentinvention, it can now be appreciated that the objectives of theinvention have been fully achieved. And it will be understood by thoseskilled in the art that many changes in construction & circuitry, andwidely differing embodiments & applications of the invention willsuggest themselves without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent invention. The disclosures and the description herein areintended to be illustrative and are not in any sense limitation of theinvention, more preferably defined in the scope of the invention by theClaims appended hereto and their equivalents.

1-75. (canceled)
 76. A computer-aided design (CAD) method for providingordered capture clocks to detect or locate faults within N clock domainsand faults crossing any two clock domains in an integrated circuit orcircuit assembly in scan-test and self-test mode, where N>1, each clockdomain having one capture clock and a plurality of scan cells, eachcapture clock comprising a selected number of shift clock pulses and aselected number of capture clock pulses, each shift clock pulsecomprising a clock pulse applied in scan mode, each capture clock pulsecomprising a clock pulse applied in normal mode, said CAD methodcomprising the computer-implemented steps of: (a) compiling the HDL codeor netlist that represents said integrated circuit or circuit assemblyin physical form into a design database; (b) performing test rule checkfor checking whether said design database contains any multiple-capturerule violations in said scan-test or said self-test mode; (c) performingtest rule repair until all said multiple-capture rule violations havebeen fixed; (d) performing multiple-capture test synthesis forgenerating a testable HDL code or netlist; and (e) generating HDL testbenches and automatic test equipment (ATE) test programs for verifyingthe correctness of said testable HDL netlist in said scan-test or saidself-test mode.
 77. The CAD method of claim 76, wherein said steps of(a)-(e) accept user-supplied scan control information and report theresults and errors, if any.
 78. The CAD method of claim 76, wherein saidperforming test rule check further comprises determining the number ofclock domains and capture clocks required for scan-test, the clockdomains to be tested concurrently, the ordered sequence of captureclocks to be applied for scan-test, and the capture clocks to beoperated at the rated clock speeds or at selected clock speeds.
 79. TheCAD method of claim 76, wherein said performing multiple-capture testsynthesis further comprises inserting spare scan cells into selectedclock domains.
 80. The CAD method of claim 76, wherein said performingmultiple-capture test synthesis further comprises implementing themethod of: (f) generating and shifting-in N test stimuli to all saidscan cells within said N clock domains in said integrated circuit orcircuit assembly during a shift-in operation; (g) applying an orderedsequence of capture clocks to all said scan cells within said N clockdomains, the ordered sequence of capture clocks comprising at least aplurality of capture clock pulses from two or more selected captureclocks placed in a sequential order such that all clock domains arenever triggered simultaneously during a capture operation; and (h)shifting-out said N output responses for analysis with said expectedoutput responses, during a shift-out operation.
 81. The CAD method ofclaim 76, wherein said generating HDL test benches and ATE test programsfurther comprises the steps of transforming said design database into anequivalent combinational circuit model based on said ordered sequence ofcapture clocks, performing combinational automatic test patterngeneration (ATPG) to generate the circuit's test patterns, andperforming fault simulation to report its fault coverage.
 82. The CADmethod of claim 76, wherein said generating HDL test benches and ATEtest programs further comprises performing combinational logicsimulation on said combinational circuit model to compute said circuit'ssignatures when a compact operation is employed to compact saidcircuit's output responses.